RNS: You say that we’ve shifted from a culture of humility to a culture of “big me.” But was there ever really a culture of humility? Haven’t humans always struggled in this way?
DB: Human nature is biased in the direction of self-centeredness. But there are certainly times when some behavior is frowned upon and some behavior is rewarded. There were times as late as the 1940s when putting a college sticker on the back of your car would have been frowned upon, when writing in a way that exposed all of your secrets would have been frowned upon, when even dressing in a way that exposes your body would have been frowned upon.
And we do studies that measure narcissism. Scores on this thing called “the narcissism test” have risen 30 percent in the last 20 years. So I think there is evidence that we are just more egotistical than we once were. We may be fairer and more compassionate, but we’re also more narcissistic.
RNS: In your book, you dub our current era is “the age of the selfie.” Can you talk about how technology has affected character in society?
DB: I’m not a technophobe, and I’ve looked at the research on whether Facebook and social media undermine friendship, and I think the evidence is that it doesn’t. It’s what you bring to Facebook that matters. People who are good at friendships use Facebook to augment their friendships, and people who are lonely use Facebook to mask their loneliness. But it’s not Facebook; it’s what you’re bringing to it.
I do think social media challenges us in two ways: First, it creates this broadcasting culture where you create a fake version or avatar of yourself. And you post a highlight reel of yourself on Instagram and make yourself look happier and more glamorous than you really are. And there’s a danger that people will mistake the avatar for their real selves or develop an intense desire to get “likes” as you try to market your own personality.
And second, and this is certainly true of me, there is so much online that is mental candy. It just distracts you from reading books that are deeper and more spiritual.
RNS: You say that young people today often fail to comprehend the moral component of problems. Can you explain?
DB: I draw on the sociology of Christian Smith at Notre Dame who did this work asking college students to talk about their moral dilemmas. He found the students weren’t bad, but they just had no moral vocabulary. So they didn’t know how to frame moral issues and didn’t even know how to think through them because they didn’t have the words.
The problem happened in the 1940s and 50s when certain words slipped out of common usage. They were words like sin and soul and redemption and grace. And if you don’t have those words, whether you’re religious or not religious, it’s hard to have a conversation about morality if you don’t know what virtue is or what character means.
The big shift was the loss of the word sin. Now we use the word in the context of desserts, but it used to be something people acknowledged was a real category inside of themselves. If you don’t have sin, you don’t have something to fight against.
RNS: How do you define sin?
DB: The best definition I like is “disordered love,” which is the Augustinian definition that we all love a lot of things and that some loves are higher than others. But that sometimes we get our loves out of order. If a friend tells you something and you blab it at a dinner party, you’re putting your love of popularity above your love of friendship.
RNS: Speaking of Augustine, you chose him as one of your “heroes of renunciation.” Why do you find him compelling?
A: I came to believe he’s pretty much the most brilliant thinker I’ve ever come across — his depth of understanding of psychology and his poetry. He’s emotionally rich — there’s always tears coming down his face — and also intellectually brilliant.
The main thing I take from him is that he was someone who was very successful but found his soul was famished the higher up he got. He revealed the shallowness of worldly success. Second, he helped introduce us to the idea of self, that there’s an internal world in there. It’s not clear that people before him understood that. Third, he understood sinfulness and what it means. And finally, he lived a life that was touched by grace and he wrote about grace beautifully. He’s almost a poet of the religious sensibility.
RNS: You talk about Catholic activist Dorothy Day as a model of character. I found this interesting because you’re a conservative thinker and she held a lot of socialist ideals. Why Dorothy Day?
DB: I think there is a realm beneath politics that matters. You can be politically progressive and be a good person or an awful person. Politics exists on the surface, but conduct is at a deeper realm. We shouldn’t over-politicize life. A lot of the characters in this book, if I met them in a political debate, I would disagree with them profoundly. But the way we live our lives is almost unrelated to the political philosophies we hold. I find it very easy to admire her even if I disagree with her.
